Understanding Structural Functional Systems Theory: An Introduction for OR Academics

Social theory is a complex and convoluted subject, making it challenging for even experienced researchers to grasp its nuances. One of the most influential social theories in the 20th century was structural functional systems theory, developed by Talcott Parsons. This article provides an introduction to this theory and its relevance to Operations Research (OR) academics.

Parsons' theory is centered around decisions to act, which he used as a foundation for his schema of society's structure. By integrating systems ideas into his framework, Parsons created a comprehensive model that explores the relationships between different aspects of society. This approach allows OR researchers to situate their work within the broader context of sociology.

Functionalism, as it is commonly referred to, dominated sociological thought in the mid-20th century and has had a lasting impact on many modern schools of sociological theory. While functionalism has been heavily criticized, it remains essential for OR academics to understand its concepts and assumptions. This paper provides an overview of Parsons' work, including his development of the 'four-function paradigm' or AGIL model, which explores the relationship between social and economic systems.

In his early works, such as 'The Structure of Social Action,' Parsons established a framework for understanding human behavior and then expanded it to cover all aspects of society. He introduced key concepts like 'pattern variables' to describe the structure of social interaction. Parsons' theory emphasizes the importance of understanding how societies maintain stability and change over time.

OR researchers interested in the process of OR would benefit from exploring functionalism as a point of entry into sociology. This paper is the first in a series of three that introduce social theory, with subsequent papers examining criticisms of functionalism and its impact on other social theories. By grasping the theoretical foundations of social theory, OR academics can better appreciate the complexities and depth of the subject.

In conclusion, understanding structural functional systems theory provides valuable insights for OR researchers seeking to engage with sociology. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of Parsons' work, highlighting his key concepts and contributions to modern social theory. By exploring this theory, OR academics can gain a deeper appreciation of the theoretical basis of social theory and its relevance to their own research.

Structural functional systems theory